全文朗讀 Tsuân-bûn lóng-tho̍k
瑞典的Nobel生理醫學委員會,宣布共今年度的Nobel生理醫學獎,頒發予兩位美國學者,David Julius佮Ardem Patapoutian。Nobel醫學委員會共逐家紹介講:「逐家略仔想像一下,若佇一个熱人的早起,褪赤跤行佇田園中,恁的確會感覺著日頭的燒熱,跤底踏著塗佮幼草仔的感覺,這款對溫度佮接觸著物的認知,也就是咱身軀的體感,予咱有才調知影佮適應外界環境時時刻刻的變化。」今年這兩位學者,共咱逐家解說講,咱的神經系統是按怎予咱感受著溫度佮觸覺這兩款外界的刺激。
Suī-tián ê Nobel sing-lí i-ha̍k uí-uân-huē, suan-pòo kā kin-nî-tōo ê Nobel sing-lí i-ha̍k tsióng, pan-huat hōo nn̄g uī Bí-kok ha̍k-tsiá, David Julius kap Ardem Patapoutian. Nobel i-ha̍k uí-uân-huē kā ta̍k-ke siāu-kài kóng, “ta̍k-ke lio̍k-á sióng-siōng tsi̍t––ē, nā tī tsi̍t ê jua̍h––lâng ê tsá khí, thǹg-tsiah-kha kiânn tī tshân-hn̂g tiong, lín tik-khak ē kám-kak tio̍h ji̍t-thâu ê sio-jua̍h, kha-té ta̍h tio̍h thôo kap iù tsháu-á ê kám-kak, tsit khuán tuì un-tōo kap tsiap-tshiok tio̍h mi̍h ê jīn-ti, iā-tō-sī lán sin-khu ê thé-kám, hōo lán ū tsâi-tiāu tsai-iánn kap sik-ìng guā-kài khuân-kíng sî-sî-khik-khik ê piàn-huà.” Kin-nî tsit nn̄g uī ha̍k-tsiá, kā lán tak-ke kái-sueh kóng, lán ê sîn-king-hē-thóng sī án-tsuánn hōo lán kám-siū tio̍h un-tōo kap tshiok-kak tsit nn̄g khuánn guā-kài ê tshì-kik.
為怎樣食著薟椒仔予咱感覺略仔會疼閣會燒,薄荷食起來煞涼涼?是啥號機制予咱皮膚通感覺著溫度的改變,以及佇摸著物的時會連鞭分別伊的粗幼、硬軟的款sit?咱會感覺著外界的刺激是源自知覺神經的作用,踮皮膚內的受器,共溫度佮壓力的刺激轉換做知覺神經的電訊號,也就是神經脈衝,予大腦通知影外界的事,就若親像視神經予咱看會著物,聽神經予咱聽有聲音,味神經予咱的喙舌通分別甜、鹹、酸、佮苦,以及嗅神經予咱鼻會著芳味等等。不而過,視覺、聽覺、味覺以及嗅覺這四類知覺的受器集中佇咧專門的器官,欲研究𪜶的功能較利便。毋過溫度佮壓力的受器卻是分布踮規身軀逐所在的皮膚內,誠僫走揣。而且食著薟椒仔佮薄荷的反應閣愈神奇,為怎樣這兩種敢若佮溫度無底代的食物,會予咱感覺著燒佮冷咧?
Uī-tsuánn-iūnn tsia̍h-tio̍h hiam-tsio-á hōo lán kám-kak lio̍k-á ē thiànn koh ē sio, po̍k-hô tsia̍h––khí-lâi suah liâng-liâng? Sī siánn-hō ki-tsè hōo lán phuê-hu thang kám-kak tio̍h un-tōo ê kái-piàn, í-ki̍p tī bong-tio̍h mi̍h ê sî ē liâm-mi hun-pia̍t i ê tshoo-iù, ngē-nńg ê khuán-sit? Lán ē kám-kak tio̍h guā-kài ê tshì-kik sī guân-tsū ti-kak-sîn-king ê tsok-iōng, tiàm phuê-hu lāi ê siū-khì, kā un-tōo kap ap-li̍k ê tshì-kik tsuán-uānn tsò ti-kak-sîn-king ê tiān-sìn-hō, iā-tō-sī sîn-king-be̍h-tshiong, hōo tuā-náu thang tsai-iánn guā-kài ê sū, tō ná tshin-tshiūnn sī-sîn-king hōo lán khuànn ē tio̍h mi̍h, thiann-sîn-king hōo lán thiann ū siann-im, bī-sîn-king hōo lán ê tshuì-tsi̍h thang hun-pia̍t tinn, kiâm, sng, kap khóo, í-ki̍p hiù-sîn-king hōo lán phīnn ē tio̍h phang-bī tíng-tíng. Put-jî-kò, sī-kak, thiann-kak, bī-kak í-ki̍p hiù-kak tsit sì luī ti-kak ê siū-khì tsi̍p-tiong tī teh tsuan-bûn ê khì-kuan, beh gián-kiù in ê kong-lîng khah lī-piān. M̄-koh un-tōo kap ap-li̍k ê siū-khì khiok-sī hun-pòo tiàm kui sin-khu ta̍k-sóo-tsāi ê phuê-hu lāi, tsiânn oh tsáu-tshuē. Jî-tshiánn tsia̍h tio̍h hiam-tsio-á kap po̍k-hô ê huán-ìng koh lú sîn-kî, uī-tsuánn-iūnn tsit nn̄g-tsióng kánn-ná kap un-tōo bô-tī-tāi ê tsia̍h-mi̍h, ē hōo lán kám-kak tio̍h sio kap líng leh?
針對這个現象,咱一般人凡勢感覺真四常袂去特別注意,毋過伊有引起David Julius的興趣,決心欲來共伊好好仔稽考。
Tsiam-tuì tsit ê hiān-siōng, lán it-puann lâng huān-sè kám-kak tsin sù-siông bē-khì ti̍k-pia̍t tsù-ì, m̄-koh i ū ín-khí David Julius ê hìng-tshù, kuat-sim beh lâi kā i hó-hó á khe-khó.
對研究薟椒仔素起鼓 Tuì gián-kiù hiam-tsio-á sòo khí-kóo
我想逐家穩當攏有下面的經驗,逐改若食著足薟的薟椒仔,毋若感覺疼,頭額遐嘛會隨開始流汗,無偌久無定著閣會規身軀汗。這款現象真早就引起科學家的注意,佇1950年代就發見薟椒仔內的薟椒仔素(capsaicin),會刺激傳播疼的知覺神經的活動,就若親像啉著燒滾滾的滾水仝款。
Guá siūnn ta̍k-ke ún-tàng lóng ū ē-bīn ê king-giām, ta̍k-kái nā tsia̍h-tio̍h tsiok hiam ê hiam-tsio-á, m̄-nā kám-kak thiànn, thâu-hia̍h hia mā ē suî khai-sí lâu-kuānn, bô guā-kú bô-tiānn-tio̍h koh ē kui sin-khu kuānn. Tsit khuán hiān-siōng tsin tsá tō ín-khí kho-ha̍k-ka ê tsù-ì, tī 1950 nî-tāi tō huat-kiàn hiam-tsio-á lāi ê hiam-tsio-á sòo, ē tshì-kik thuân-pòo thiànn ê ti-kak-sîn-king ê ua̍h-tāng, tō ná tshin-tshiūnn lim tio̍h sio kún-kún ê kún-tsuí kāng-khuán.
Julius教授推論講,踮佇咱皮膚內的知覺神經的尾溜,有一號溫度感受器,通佇咱無細膩去摸著燒燙燙的物件的時,緊共大腦通報,避免身體組織的損害。伊和伊的同事認為,若準薟椒仔素佮燒滾水透過相仝的機制刺激神經,若共薟椒仔素的作用機制研究到透,凡勢就會當揣著這个關鍵的溫度感受器矣。
Julius kàu-siū thui-lūn kóng, tiàm tī lán phuê-hu lāi ê ti-kak-sîn-king ê bué-liu, ū tsi̍t hō un-tōo kám-siū-khì, thang tī lán bô-sè-jī khì bong tio̍h sio-thǹg-thǹg ê mi̍h-kiānn ê sî, kín kā tuā-náu thong-pò, pī-bián sin-thé tsoo-tsit ê sńg-hāi. I hām i ê tông-sū jīn-uî, nā-tsún hiam-tsio-á sòo kap sio-kún-tsuí thàu-kuè sio-kāng ê ki-tsè tshì-kik sîn-king, nā kā hiam-tsio-á sòo ê tsok-iōng-ki-tsè gián-kiù kàu thàu, huān-sè tō ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h tsit ê kuan-kiān ê un-tōo kám-siū-khì ah.
研究的方向確立好勢以後,紲落來就欲起鼓走揣神經細胞頂的薟椒仔素的受體矣。
Gián-kiù ê hong-hiòng khak-li̍p hó-sè í-āu, suà––lo̍h-lâi tō beh khí-kóo tsáu-tshuē sîn-king-sè-pau tíng ê hiam-tsio-á sòo ê siū-thé ah.
𪜶共知覺神經內佮疼和燒相關的基因的DNA,攏總有成百萬段,表現佇原底對薟椒仔素無反應的細胞,來看佗一段基因會予細胞對薟椒仔素起反應。經過幾若月日無瞑無日的走揣,總算予𪜶揣著一个會表現出薟椒仔素受體的基因,會致到細胞對薟椒仔素起反應,伊共伊號名叫TRPV1。這个TRPV1是一款離子通道,徛踮知覺神經尾溜的細胞膜頂懸,專門咧管制帶電的陰陽離子的出入,伊若和薟椒仔素結合,會隨拍開通道予陰陽離子流通,致使細胞內外的電位差改變,引起神經脈衝。毋但佮薟椒仔素爾爾,伊對過懸的溫度嘛誠敏感,假使若拄著43度以上的溫度刺激,會隨拍開離子通道,就按呢共過懸的溫度的刺激,轉換成做會予大腦感覺著燒佮疼的神經電訊號。
In kā ti-kak-sîn-king lāi kap thiànn hām sio siong-kuan ê ki-in ê DNA, lóng-tsóng ū tsiânn pah bān tuānn, piáu-hiān tī guân-té tuì hiam-tsio-á sòo bô huán-ìng ê sè-pau, lâi khuànn tó tsi̍t tuānn ki-in ē hōo sè-pau tuì hiam-tsio-á sòo khí huán-ìng. King-kuè kuí nā gue̍h-ji̍t bô-mê-bô-ji̍t ê tsáu-tshuē, tsóng-sǹg hōo in tshuē tio̍h tsi̍t-ê ē piáu-hiān tshut hiam-tsio-á sòo siū-thé ê ki-in, ē tì-kàu sè-pau tuì hiam-tsio-á sòo khí huán-ìng, i kā i hō miâ kiò TRPV1. Tsit ê TRPV1 sī tsi̍t khuánn lî-tsú-thong-tō, khiā tiàm ti-kak-sîn-king bué-liu ê sè-pau-mo̍oh tíng-kuân, tsuan-bûn teh kuán-tsè tài-tiān ê im-iông lî-tsú ê tshut-ji̍p, i nā hām hiam-tsio-á sòo kiat-ha̍p, ē suî phah-khui thong-tō hōo im-iông lî-tsú liû-thong, tì-sú sè-pau lāi-guā ê tiān-uī-tsha kái-piàn, ín-khí sîn-king me̍h-tshiong. M̄-nā kap hiam-tsio-á sòo niā-niā, i tuì kuè kuân ê un-tōo mā tsiânn bín-kám, ká-sú nā tú-tio̍h 43 tōo í-siōng ê un-tōo tshì-kik, ē suî phah-khui lî-tsú-thong-tō, tsiū-án-ne kā kuè-kuân ê un-tōo ê tshì-kik, tsuán-uānn tsiânn-tsò ē hōo tuā-náu kám-kak tio̍h sio kap thiànn ê sîn-king tiān-sìn-hō.
以TRPV1會予衝懸的溫度拍開的概念來看,科學家憢疑講,無定著薄荷予人食起來涼涼,嘛是用類似的作用機制。Julius佮Patapoutian用相𫝛的法度,佇2002年分別揣著佮引起冷相關的離子通道TRPM8。紲落來幾若款無仝的離子通道嘛相連紲予人發現著。予科學界對溫度改變是怎樣引起神經脈衝有一个齊全的認捌。
Í TRPV1 ē hōo tshìng kuân ê un-tōo phah-khui ê kài-liām lâi-khuànn, kho-ha̍k-ka giâu-gî kóng, bô-tiānn-tio̍h po̍k-hô hōo lâng tsia̍h––khí-lâi liâng-liâng, mā sī iōng luī-sū ê tsok-iōng ki-tsè. Julius kap Patapoutian iōng sio-siāng ê huat-tōo, tī 2002 nî hun-pia̍t tshuē-tio̍h kap ín-khí líng siong-kuan ê lî-tsú-thong-tō TRPM8. Suà––lo̍h-lâi kuí-nā-khuán bô-kāng ê lî-tsú-thong-tō mā sio-liân-suà hōo lâng huat-hiān––tio̍h. Hōo kho-ha̍k-kài tuì un-tōo kái-piàn sī tsuánn-iūnn ín-khí sîn-king-me̍h-tshiong ū tsi̍t ê tsê-tsuân ê jīn-bat.
壓力是按怎引起觸覺?Ap-li̍k sī án-tsuánn ín-khí tshiok-kak?
咱的皮膚若拄著外來的壓力,學術上共伊號做機械性的刺激,親像手摸著物、跤踢著球、喙脣佮人相唚等等,這類的感覺攏算是觸覺。早佇1980年代,就有科學家發見細菌有一號離子通道,通予伊知影佮適應外界的機械壓力,毋過佇脊椎動物的相關通道猶無人知。Patapoutian博士的研究團隊,揣著一種細胞株,伊佇拄著壓力的時,比論講用細支微欶管共伊欶,會引起細胞內外的電位變化,暗示有一款神秘的離子通道咧作用。𪜶對細胞的基因體裡,揀選出72組會表現出離子通道抑是類似結構的基因,紲落去就用一號號做RNA干擾的技術,一个閣一个共彼72組基因的表現壓制落來。設使有某一个基因的表現受壓制的時陣,會致到細胞失去產生電訊號的能力,伊凡勢就是負責共機械壓力轉換做電訊號的離子通道矣。
Lán ê phuê-hu nā tú-tio̍h guā-lâi ê ap-li̍k, ha̍k-su̍t siōng kā i hō tsò ki-hāi sìng ê tshì-kik, tshin-tshiūnn tshiú bong tio̍h mi̍h, kha that tio̍h kiû, tshuì-tûn kap lâng sio-tsim tíng-tíng, tsit luī ê kám-kak lóng-sǹg sī tshiok-kak. Tsá tī 1980 nî-tāi, tō ū kho-ha̍k-ka huat-kiàn sè-khún ū tsi̍t hō lî-tsú-thong-tō, thang hōo i tsai-iánn kap sik-ìng guā-kài ê ki-hāi ap-li̍k, m̄-koh tī tsik-tsui-tōng-bu̍t ê siong-kuan thong-tō iáu bô lâng tsai. Patapoutian phok-sū ê gián-kiù thuân-tuī, tshuē-tio̍h tsi̍t tsióng sè-pau-tsu, i tī tú-tio̍h ap-li̍k ê sî, pí-lūn kóng iōng sè ki bî-suh-kóng kā i suh, ē ín-khí sè-pau lāi-guā ê tiān-uī piàn-huà, àm-sī ū tsi̍t khuán sîn-pì ê lî-tsú thong-tō teh tsok-iōng. In tuì sè-pau ê ki-in-thé ni̍h, kíng-suán tshut 72 tsoo ē piáu-hiān tshut lî-tsú-thong-tō a̍h-sī luī-sū kiat-kòo ê ki-in, suà––lo̍h-khì tō iōng tsi̍t hō hō-tsò RNA kan-jiáu ê ki-su̍t, tsi̍t ê koh tsi̍t ê kā hit 72 tsoo ki-in ê piáu-hiān ap-tsè lo̍h lâi. Siat-sú ū bóo tsi̍t ê ki-in ê piáu-hiān siū ap-tsè ê sî-tsūn, ē tì-kàu sè pau sit-khì sán-sing tiān-sìn-hō ê lîng-li̍k, i huān-sè tō-sī hū-tsik kā ki-hāi-ap-li̍k tsuán-uānn tsò tiān-sìn-hō ê lî-tsú-thong-tō ah.
利用頂面的法度,𪜶揣著兩个分別號做PIEZO1 佮PIEZO2的離子通道,會佇皮膚拄著壓力的時陣,比論講用跤咧踢球,或者是用手指頭仔捻甜粿咧食的時,拍開通道予陰陽離子通出入,就按呢共壓力的刺激轉換做神經電訊號,對知覺神經傳到大腦相關的腦區。毋但干焦觸覺niâ,𪜶佇接紲落來的研究,閣發見咱濟濟款的生理功能,比論講調控血管的血壓、控制欶入佇肺臟內的空氣量、監測膀胱內積聚的尿量等等,嘛攏著倚靠𪜶的作用來維持。
Lī-iōng tíng-bīn ê huat-tōo, in tshuē-tio̍h nn̄g ê hun-pia̍t hō-tsò PIEZO1 kap PIEZO2 ê lî-tsú-thong-tō, ē tī phuê-hu tú-tio̍h ap-li̍k ê sî-tsūn, pí-lūn kóng iōng kha teh that-kiû, hi̍k-tsiá-sī iōng tshiú-tsíng-thâu-á liàm tinn-kué teh tsia̍h ê sî, phah-khui thong-tō hōo im-iông-lî-tsú thang tshut-ji̍p, tsiū-án-ne kā ap-li̍k ê tshì-kik tsuán-uānn tsò sîn-king-tiān-sìn-hō, tuì ti-kak-sîn-king thuân-kàu tuā-náu siong-kuan ê náu-khu. M̄-nā kan-na tshiok-kak niâ, in tī tsiap-suà––lo̍h-lâi ê gián-kiù, koh huat-kiàn lán tsē-tsē khuán ê sing-lí kong-lîng, pí-lūn kóng tiâu-khòng hueh-kńg ê hueh-ap, khòng-tsè suh-ji̍p tī hì-tsōng lāi ê khong-khì liōng, kàm-tshik phông-kong lāi tsik-tsū ê jiō-liōng tíng-tíng, mā lóng tio̍h uá-khò in ê tsok-iōng lâi î-tshî.
總講一句,今年著獎的兩位學者,共咱解說咱身體是按怎感覺著「溫度」佮「機械壓力」這兩款外來的刺激。毋但加添咱對家己身體的認捌,嘛對臨床欲開發止疼藥仔有大利益。
Tsóng kóng tsi̍t kù, kin-nî tio̍h tsióng ê nn̄g-uī ha̍k-tsiá, kā lán ta̍k-ke kái-sueh lán sin-thé sī án-tsuánn kám-kak tio̍h “un-tōo” kap “ki-hāi ap-li̍k” tsit nn̄g-khuán guā-lâi ê tshì-kik. M̄-nā ke-thinn lán tuì ka-tī sin-thé ê jīn-bat, mā tuì lîm-tshn̂g beh khai-huat tsí-thiànn-io̍h-á ū tuā lī-ik.
kóng ká tsiànn hó, kam-siā !
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