全文朗讀 Tsuân-bûn lóng-tho̍k
舊年九月,聯合國環境署共2018年年度上蓋榮譽的環保大獎《Champions of the Earth》頒發予兩个開發出革命性人造肉的美國食品新創公司:《Beyond Meat》 佮 《Impossible Foods》。環境署特別發文強調,食傷濟肉是「全世界上要緊愛解決的問題」,呵咾這兩間公司利用植物製造出食起來敢若真的牛肉的人造肉,有通予人佇毋免改變食食習慣的狀況之下,自然而然減少對肉類食品的需求。
Kū-nî káu––gue̍h, Liân-ha̍p-kok khuân-kíng-sú kā 2018 nî nî-tōo siōng-kài îng-ū ê khuân-pó-tuā-tsióng “Champions of the Earth” pan-huat hōo nn̄g ê khai-huat tshut kik-bīng-sìng jîn-tsō-bah ê Bí-kok si̍t-phín sin-tshòng kong-si: “Beyond Meat” kap “Impossible Foods”. Khuân-kíng-sú ti̍k-pia̍t huat-bûn kiông-tiāu, tsia̍h-siunn-tsē-bah sī “tsuân sè-kài siōng iàu-kín ài kái-kuat ê būn-tê”, o-ló tsit nn̄g king kong-si lī-iōng si̍t-bu̍t tsè-tsō tshut tsia̍h––khí-lâi kánn-ná tsin-ê gû-bah ê jîn-tsō-bah, ū thang hōo lâng tī m̄-bián kái-piàn tsia̍h-si̍t si̍p-kuàn ê tsōng-hóng-tsi-hā, tsū-jiân-jî-jiân kiám-tsió tuì bah-luī si̍t-phín ê su-kiû.
食肉的害 tsia̍h-bah ê hāi
根據聯合國環境署的資料,牛、羊、佮豬種種的精牲所排放的溫室氣體,占全球溫室氣體排放的18%,比例超過車、船、飛行機甚至火箭等等的交通工具所排放的總合。除了對環境的影響以外,那來那濟醫學和流行病學的研究攏指出,定食肉的人會比無食肉的人較𠢕著包括癌症、心臟病、和糖尿病等等的慢性病。而且所飼的動物嘛有可能共比論講禽流感、豬流感和痟牛病等等的人畜共通傳染病穢予人。閣有為著予精牲袂著病,抗生素的濫糝使用也常常培養出濟濟袂驚抗生素的超級病菌。所擺人人若攏開始食菜,減飼寡精牲,毋但對地球環境有利,連咱家己的健康嘛會得著保障。(請參考咱進前的兩篇文章《你若愛地球,請做伙來“食菜”》佮《天然植物性的食物是維持健康的上好藥方》)。
Kin-kì Liân-ha̍p-kok khuân-kíng-sú ê tsu-liāu, gû, iûnn, kap ti tsióng-tsióng ê tsing-senn sóo pâi-hòng ê un-sik-khì-thé, tsiàm tsuân-kiû un-sik-khì-thé pâi-hòng ê tsa̍p-peh-pha, pí-lē tshiau-kuè tshia, tsûn, hue-lîng-ki sīm-tsì hué-tsìnn tíng-tíng ê kau-thong-kang-kū sóo pâi-hòng ê tsóng-ha̍p. Tû-liáu tuì khuân-kíng ê íng-hióng í-guā, ná lâi ná tsē i-ha̍k hām liû-hîng-pēnn-ha̍k ê gián-kiù lóng tsí-tshut, tiānn tsia̍h bah ê lâng ē pí bô tsia̍h bah ê lâng khah gâu tio̍h pau-kuat gâm-tsìng, sim-tsōng-pēnn, hām thn̂g-jiō-pēnn tíng-tíng ê bān-sìng-pēnn. Jî-tshiánn sóo tshī ê tōng-bu̍t mā ū khó-lîng kā pí-lūn kóng khîm-liû-kám, ti-liû-kám hām siáu-gû-pēnn tíng-tíng ê jîn-thik-kiōng-thong-thuân-jiám-pēnn uè hōo lâng. Koh ū uī-tio̍h hōo tsing-senn bē tio̍h pēnn, khòng-sing-sòo ê lām-sám sú-iōng iā siông-siông puê-ióng tshut tsē-tsē bē kiann khòng-sing-sòo ê tshiau-kip-pēnn-khún. Sóo-pái lâng-lâng nā lóng khai-sí tsia̍h-tshài, kiám tshī kuá tsing-senn, m̄-nā tuì tē-kiû khuân-kíng iú-lī, liân lán ka-tī ê kiān-khong mā ē tit-tio̍h pó-tsiong. (tshiánn tsham-khó lán tsìn-tsîng ê nn̄g phinn bûn-tsiunn “ Lí nā ài tē-kiû, tshiánn tsò-hué lâi ‘tsia̍h-tshài’” kap “Thian-jiân si̍t-bu̍t-sing ê tsia̍h-mi̍h sī uî-tshî kiān-khong ê siōng hó io̍h-hng”).
毋過食肉佇咱人類的食食裡,尤其是佇西方社會,已經有誠久長的歷史矣,肉毋但是重要的蛋白質來源,伊特殊的滋味予濟濟人干焦想著就流喙瀾,若欲雄雄叫人莫食,誠實是無簡單。佇現此時的台灣,因為食菜的時行,逐間素食店除了提供天然的菜蔬以外,通常嘛會攢寡無仝款的素肉來滿足人客的需求,毋過遐的素肉,食起來的滋味確實是和正港的肉袂比得,對慣勢食肉的朋友來講,欲改做食菜的確著愛有誠大的決心才會用得。不而過,敢講咱若為著欲顧地球,定著愛犧牲食福咧?
M̄-koh tsia̍h-bah tī lán jîn-luī ê tsia̍h-si̍t ni̍h, iû-kî sī tī se-hong-siā-huē, í-king ū tsiânn kú-tn̂g ê li̍k-sú––ah, bah m̄-nā sī tiōng-iàu ê tàn-pe̍h-tsit lâi-guân, i ti̍k-sû ê tsu-bī hōo tsē-tsē lâng kan-na siūnn tio̍h tō lâu-tshuì-nuā, nā beh hiông-hiông kiò lâng mài-tsia̍h, tsiânn-si̍t sī bô kán-tan. Tī hiān-tshú-sî ê Tâi-uân, in-uī tsia̍h-tshài ê sî-kiânn, ta̍k-king sòo-si̍t-tiàm tû-liáu thê-kiong thian-jiân ê tshài-se í-guā, thong-siông mā ē tshuân kuá bô-kāng-khuán ê sòo-bah lâi buán-tsiok lâng-kheh ê su-kiû, m̄-koh hia-ê sòo-bah, tsia̍h––khí-lâi ê tsu-bī khak-si̍t sī hām tsiànn-káng ê bah bē-pí––tit, tuì kuàn-sì tsia̍h-bah ê pîng-iú lâi kóng, beh kái tsò tsia̍h-tshài tik-khak tio̍h ài ū tsiânn tuā ê kuat-sim tsiah ē-īng––tit. Put-jî-kò, kám kóng lán nā uī-tio̍h beh kòo tē-kiû, tiānn-tio̍h ài hi-sing tsia̍h-hok––leh?
這个問題予兩位美國人Ethan Brown 和Patrick Brown分別佇2009 和2011年創立《Beyond Meat》 以及《Impossible Foods》兩間新創公司。𪜶的共同目標就是欲創造出百分之百源自植物,而且滋味和營養價值閣會當和牛肉相比並的人造肉,來大大提升人食菜顧地球的動機。到底Beyond Meat 和Impossible Foods是用啥物方法予𪜶發明的人造肉,會好食甲予伊有法度取代牛肉?
Tsit ê būn-tê hōo nn̄g-uī Bí-kok lâng Ethan Brown hām Patrick Brown hun-pia̍t tī 2009 hām 2011 nî tshòng-li̍p “Beyond Meat” í-ki̍p “Impossible Foods” nn̄g-king sin-tshòng kong-si. In ê kiōng-tông bo̍k-piau tō-sī beh tshòng-tsō tshut pah-hun-tsi-pah guân-tsū si̍t-bu̍t, jî-tshiánn tsu-bī hām îng-ióng-kè-ta̍t koh ē-tàng hām gû-bah sio pí-phīng ê jîn-tsō-bah, lâi tuā-tuā thê-sing lâng tsia̍h-tshài kòo tē-kiû ê tōng-ki. Tàu-té Beyond Meat hām Impossible Foods sī iōng siánn-mi̍h hong-huat hōo in huat-bîng ê jîn-tsō-bah, ē hó-tsia̍h kah hōo i ū huat-tōo tshú-tāi gû-bah?
Beyond Meat
啥人講「肉」定著愛對動物來?肉的基本成份是:蛋白質、脂肪、礦物質佮水。動物是生態系統的消費者,無法度家己生產營養份,的確愛倚靠食生產者(植物)來得著生長的要緊元素。比論講,牛共牧草食入腹內消化吸收了,共源自植物的營養份,轉換做伊身軀頂的肉。設使咱若會當共遮的成份對植物抽出來,用𪜶來建構出所謂的人造牛肉,咱就無需要閣倚靠牛來替咱生產需要的蛋白質,家己就會使做矣!
Siánn-lâng kóng “bah” tiānn-tio̍h ài uì tōng-bu̍t lâi? Bah ê ki-pún-sîng-hūn sī: tàn-pe̍h-tsit, tsi-hông, khòng-bu̍t-tsit, kap tsuí. Tōng-bu̍t sī sing-thài-hē-thóng ê siau-huì-tsiá, bô-huat-tōo ka-tī sing-sán îng-ióng-hūn, tik-khak ài uá-khò tsia̍h sing-sán-tsiá (si̍t-bu̍t) lâi tit-tio̍h sing-tióng ê iàu-kín guân-sòo. Pí-lūn kóng, gû kā bo̍k-tsháu tsia̍h ji̍p pak lāi siau-huà khip-siu liáu, kā guân-tsū si̍t-bu̍t ê îng-ióng-hūn, tsuán-uānn tsò i sin-khu-tíng ê bah. Siat-sú lán nā ē-tàng kā tsia-ê sîng-hūn uì si̍t-bu̍t thiu––tshut-lâi, iōng in lâi kiàn-kòo tshut sóo-uī ê jîn-tsō-gû-bah, lán tō bô-su-iàu koh uá-khò gû lâi thè lán sing-sán su-iàu ê tàn-pe̍h-tsit, ka-tī tō ē-sái tsò––ah!
這个創新的想法,予Ethan Brown和幾若位科學家佇2009年成立Beyond Meat。為著製造人造肉,Ethan Brown的團隊斟酌分析牛肉組成的重要元素,紲落去翻頭去佇荷蘭豆、馬鈴薯、甜菜根以及椰子等等無仝植物裡搜揣遮的成份,共𪜶提煉出來做人造肉的材料。根據Beyond Meat網站的講法:荷蘭豆是人造肉的蛋白質來源、馬鈴薯和椰子油予伊食起來有肉的口味、甜菜根予伊有和紅肉仝款紅紅的血色。Beyond Meat的人造牛肉、豬肉、和雞肉毋但營養價值袂輸真的肉,也因為成份百分之百來自植物,無含對人健康有害的膽固醇、抗生素、hoo-lú-bóng (hormone)、以及基因改造的成份。
Tsit ê tshòng-sin ê siūnn-huat, hōo Ethan Brown hām kuí-nā uī kho-ha̍k-ka tī 2009 nî sîng-li̍p Beyond Meat. Uī-tio̍h tsè-tsō jîn-tsō-bah, Ethan Brown ê thuân-tuī tsim-tsiok hun-sik gû-bah tsóo-sîng ê tiōng-iàu guân-sòo, suà––lo̍h-khì huan-thâu khì tī huê-liân-tāu, má-lîng-tsî, tinn-tshài-kin, í-ki̍p iâ-tsí tíng-tíng bô-kāng si̍t-bu̍t––ni̍h tshiau-tshuē tsia-ê sîng-hūn, kā in thê-liān tshut lâi tsò jîn-tsō-bah ê tsâi-liāu. Kin-kì Beyond Meat bāng-tsām ê kóng-huat: huê-liân-tāu sī jîn-tsō-bah ê tàn-pe̍h-tsit lâi-guân, má-lîng-tsî hām iâ-tsí-iû hōo i tsia̍h––khí-lâi ū bah ê kháu-bī, tinn-tshài-kin hōo i ū hām âng-bah kāng-khuán âng-âng ê hueh-sik. Beyond Meat ê jîn-tsō-gû-bah, ti-bah, hām ke-bah m̄-nā îng-ióng-kè-ta̍t bē-su tsin-ê bah, iā in-uī sîng-hūn pah-hun-tsi-pah lâi tsū si̍t-bu̍t, bô hâm tuì lâng kiān-khong iú-hāi ê tánn-kòo-sûn, khòng-sing-sòo, hoo-lú-bóng (hormone), í-ki̍p ki-in kái-tsō ê sîng-hūn.
美國University of Michigan針對Beyond Meat製造的Beyond burger 和一般的牛肉burger相比,發見製造Beyond burger會使省99%的水、減使用93%的土地、減排放90%的溫室氣體、以及省46%的能源,會當講是兼顧環境和健康的選擇。
Bí-kok University of Michigan tsiam-tuì Beyond Meat tsè-tsō ê Beyond burger hām it-puann ê gû-bah burger sio-pí, huat-kiàn tsè-tsō Beyond burger ē-sái síng káu-tsa̍p-káu-pha ê tsuí, kiám sú-iōng káu-tsa̍p-sann-pha ê thóo-tē, kiám pâi-hòng káu-tsa̍p-pha ê un-sik-khì-thé, í-ki̍p síng sì-tsa̍p-la̍k-pha ê lîng-guân, ē-tàng kóng sī kiam kòo khuân-kíng hām kiān-khong ê suán-tik.
Impossible Foods
Patrick O. Brown 是美國史丹福大學生物化學系的教授,伊佇2009年共學校請假,專心去走揣全球上要緊愛解決的問題。伊發見規模愈來愈大的畜牧業是其中一个。假使共全世界所有人類起的建築物、公路、火車路等等的空間攏加加起來,猶無夠全球土地使用的1%。但是全球有45%的土地予人用來飼精牲佮種予精牲食的牧草,所用的水以及造成的水汙染超過其他的產業。Patrick Brown認為講:利用動物來生產蛋白質,毋但無效率閣𠢕破壞環境,早慢會造成生態災厄,咱若想欲保護生態,的確愛減少甚至停止飼精牲來做食物。
Patrick O. Brown sī Bí-kok Sú-tan-hok tāi-ha̍k sing-bu̍t-huà-ha̍k hē ê kàu-siū, i tī 2009 nî kā ha̍k-hāu tshíng-ká, tsuan-sim khì tsáu-tshuē tsuân-kiû siōng iàu-kín ài kái-kuat ê būn-tê. I huat-kiàn kui-bôo lú lâi lú tuā ê thik-bo̍k-gia̍p sī kî-tiong tsi̍t ê. Ká-sú kā tsuân-sè-kài sóo-ū jîn-luī khí ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t, kong-lōo, hué-tshia-lōo tíng-tíng ê khong-kan lóng ka-ka––khí-lâi, iáu bô kàu tsuân-kiû thóo-tē sú-iōng ê tsi̍t-pha. Tān-sī tsuân-kiû ū sì-tsa̍p-gōo-pha ê thóo-tē hōo-lâng iōng-lâi tshī tsing-senn kap tsìng hōo tsing-senn tsia̍h ê bo̍k-tsháu, sóo iōng ê tsuí í-ki̍p tsō-sîng ê tsuí-u-jiám tshiau-kuè kî-tha ê sán-gia̍p. Patrick Brown jīn-uî kóng: lī-iōng tōng-bu̍t lâi sing-sán tàn-pe̍h-tsit, m̄-nā bô hāu-lu̍t koh gâu phò-huāi khuân-kíng, tsá-bān ē tsō-sîng sing-thài tsai-eh, lán nā siūnn beh pó-hōo sing-thài, tik-khak ài kiám-tsió sīm-tsì thîng-tsí tshī tsing-senn lâi tsò tsia̍h-mi̍h.
毋過伊家己嘛心內有數,欲達成這个目標,無可能干焦向望逐家攏莫食肉,改食豆腐抑是豆仔來得著所需要的蛋白質。若欲成功,定著愛創造出好食閣袂影響環境的肉,這也就是伊佇2011年創立Impossible Foods的使命。
M̄-koh i ka-tī mā sim-lāi iú-sòo, beh ta̍t-sîng tsit ê bo̍k-piau, bô-khó-lîng kan-na ǹg-bāng ta̍k-ke lóng mài tsia̍h bah, kái tsia̍h tāu-hū a̍h-sī tāu-á lâi tit-tio̍h sóo su-iàu ê tàn-pe̍h-tsit. Nā beh sîng-kong, tiānn-tio̍h ài tshòng-tsō tshut hó-tsia̍h koh bē íng-hióng khuân-kíng ê bah, tse iā tō sī i tī 2011 nî tshòng-li̍p Impossible Foods ê sú-bīng.
和Beyond Meat仝款,Impossible Foods的團隊利用來自植物的成份來製造人造肉。毋過有一項和Beyond Meat無仝的部份,就是Impossible Foods發見予肉看起來紅紅的「血紅素」,是予肉食起來有好口味的關鍵元素。血紅素予紅血球會當共欶入肺部的sàng-sòo (氧氣) 送去予體內的各組織、細胞,也是動物細胞進行新陳代謝的要緊元素,佇肉裡有誠懸的量。所以若欲予人造肉食起來可比咧食牛肉,定著愛有夠額的血紅素。
Hām Beyond Meat kāng-khuán, Impossible Foods ê thuân-tuī lī-iōng lâi-tsū si̍t-bu̍t ê sîng-hūn lâi tsè-tsō jîn-tsō-bah. M̄-koh ū tsi̍t hāng hām Beyond Meat bô-kāng ê pōo-hūn, tō sī Impossible Foods huat-kiàn hōo bah khuànn––khí-lâi âng-âng ê “hueh-âng-sòo”, sī hōo bah tsia̍h––khí-lâi ū hó kháu-bī ê kuan-kiān guân-sòo. Hueh-âng-sòo hōo âng-hueh-kiû ē-tàng kā suh-ji̍p hì-pōo ê sàng-sòo sàng-khì hōo thé-lāi ê tsoo-tsit, sè-pau, iā sī tōng-bu̍t sè-pau tsìn-hîng sin-tîn-tāi-siā ê iàu-kín guân-sòo, tī bah––ni̍h ū tsiânn kuân ê liōng. Sóo-í nā beh hōo jîn-tsō-bah tsia̍h––khí-lâi khó-pí teh tsia̍h gû-bah, tiānn-tio̍h ài ū kàu-gia̍h ê hueh-âng-sòo.
Patrick Brown和伊的科學團隊經過五冬的研究、走揣,總算佇豆仔的根內底,揣著會當代替血紅素的豆仔血紅蛋白質 (leghemoglobin)。豆血紅蛋白予豆仔根有法度共空氣中的窒素(氮氣) 吸收、固定做肥料,對植物的生長是不止要緊。Patrick Brown發見經過透濫豆血紅蛋白了後,原底食起來無啥滋味的人造肉竟然變做敢若真的肉!
Patrick Brown hām i ê kho-ha̍k-thuân-tuī king-kuè gōo-tang ê gián-kiù, tsáu-tshuē, tsóng-sǹg tī tāu-á ê kin lāi-té, tshuē-tio̍h ē-tàng tāi-thè hueh-âng-sòo ê tāu-á hueh-âng-tàn-pe̍h-tsit (leghemoglobin). Tāu hueh-âng-tàn-pe̍h hōo tāu-á kin ū huat-tōo kā khong-khì tiong ê tsit-sòo khip-siu, kòo-tīng tsò puî-liāu, tuì si̍t-bu̍t ê sing-tióng sī put-tsí-iàu-kín. Patrick Brown huat-kiàn king-kuè thàu-lām tāu hueh-âng-tàn-pe̍h liáu-āu, guân-té tsia̍h––khí-lâi bô siánn tsu-bī ê jîn-tsō-bah kìng-jiân piàn-tsò kánn-ná tsin-ê bah!
為著欲生產夠額的豆血紅蛋白質,Impossible Foods的科學家利用基因工程的技術,共豆血紅蛋白基因囥入去酵母內底,創造出會使表現豆血紅蛋白質的基因改造酵母。紲落去Impossible Foods就會使利用遮的基因改造酵母來大量生產豆血紅蛋白質,過程就敢若激酒仝款簡單。
Uī-tio̍h beh sing-sán kàu-gia̍h ê tāu hueh-âng tàn-pe̍h-tsit, Impossible Foods ê kho-ha̍k-ka lī-iōng ki-in kang-tîng ê ki-su̍t, kā tāu hueh-âng-tàn-pe̍h ki-in khǹg ji̍p khì kànn-bó lāi-té, tshòng-tsō tshut ē-sái piáu-hiān tāu hueh-âng-tàn-pe̍h-tsit ê ki-in kái-tsō kànn-bó. Suà––lo̍h-khì Impossible Foods tō ē-sái lī-iōng tsia-ê ki-in kái-tsō kànn-bó lâi tuā-liōng sing-sán tāu hueh-âng-tàn-pe̍h-tsit, kuè-thîng tō kánn-ná kik-tsiú kāng-khuán kán-tan.
和一般的牛肉burger相比,Impossible Foods製造的Impossible burger 會使省75%的水、減用95%的土地、以及減排放87%的溫室氣體。
Hām it-puann ê gû-bah burger sio-pí, Impossible Foods tsè-tsō ê Impossible burger ē-sái síng tshit-tsa̍p-gōo-pha ê tsuí, kiám iōng káu-tsa̍p-gōo-pha ê thóo-tē, í-ki̍p kiám pâi-hòng peh-tsa̍p-tshit-pha ê un-sik-khì-thé.
Ethan Brown 和Patrick Brown攏認為飼精牲來生產肉的方式無法度久長,直接對植物來製造出較好食、較健康、零汙染、閣較俗的肉是未來的趨勢。透過製造上讚的肉予消費者會當自然而然減少對牛、羊、豬肉的需求,是顧地球和健康的上好藥方。
Ethan Brown hām Patrick Brown lóng jīn-uî tshī tsing-senn lâi sing-sán bah ê hong-sik bô-huat-tōo kú-tn̂g, ti̍t-tsiap uì si̍t-bu̍t lâi tsè-tsō tshut khah hó-tsia̍h, khah kiān-khong, lîng u-jiám, koh khah sio̍k ê bah sī bī-lâi ê tshu-sè. Thàu-kuè tsè-tsō siōng tsán ê bah hōo siau-huì-tsiá ē-tàng tsū-jiân-jî-jiân kiám-tsió tuì gû, iûnn, ti-bah ê su-kiû, sī kòo tē-kiû hām kiān-khong ê siōng hó io̍h-hng.